Will the real Michael Turner please stand up?
MOND and CDM
CDM (Cold Dark Matter) is, in my opinion, a scientific misconception, a lot like the Theory of the Luminescent Aether (or “ether”). Years ago, and I mean well over 100 years ago, people knew that light was a wave. Light was originally thought to be a particle, but the discovery of interference pretty much sealed the wave theory of light in the 19th century. Today we know that light is both a partcile and a wave and it is also neither, but this post is not about quantum physics, and it’s not about WIMPS or MACHOS, but an alternative to CDM called MOND, and this post is about a famous Physicist/Cosmologist, University of Chicago Professor Michael Turner. (No, this post is not about the other polymeric materials Professor Michael Turner, but the one I admire and abhor. This wikipedia article on Professor Michael Turner provides little more information.)
But first I should explain about the luminescent aether. By all available evidence it was observed that waves travel through some sort of medium. Sound travels through water or air, or through solids. Water-type waves travel through liquids, so it was reasoned that light must also travel through something. However, no one could detect what it was that light was moving through since it could move through a vacuum, and there was nothing in a vacuum. The ancient Greeks had speculated of a substance that existed above the clouds, that filled space and held the stars in place, so that’s where the word “aether” comes from.the Greeks, those amazing inventors of natural philosophy.
There were always problems with Aetherial theory, but it helped explain so much that it was generally accepted as being real by the scientific community. Christiaan Huygens is credited with creating the aether, and while it was largely critiqued by Newton, Newton’s ideas were abandoned and after Maxwell came along it came to be determined that the aether had to be absolutely fixed and still, a unique frame of reference. Indeed, the aether held miraculous (or magic) properties. It had to be fluid but millions of times more rigid than steel, massless but without drag (or the planets would slow down). Also, it had to be completely transparent and non-compressive. The aether had to possess self-contradicting properties. The aether reeked of properties similar to CDM, Cold Dark Matter, yet the aether was so entrenched into physics at this point it was simply assumed to exist.
In 1905 Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity blew away the aether, showing that there is no such thing as absolute time, motion or position. The indispensable aether just suddenly disappeared and all the countless years of scientific effort that went into defining it and exploring it just “poof” went up in smoke.
Enter CDM (Cold Dark Matter)
Here’s the problem.
Let me set the stage, first.
Since the time of Copernicus in 1514, we’ve known that our Sun is but a simple and quite ordinary star in a sea of stars, but for 400 years, until 1922 the entire Universe consisted of The Milky Way Galaxy. No one had a clue that the Universe was unimaginably more vast, which is not so surprising considering that for at least 10 thousand years we considered ourselves to be at the center of the “universe”, and before that we didn’t even have an inkling.
In 1919 Edwin Hubble gets assigned to the Wilson Observatory, about the same time that the Hooker, a brand new 100 inch telescope arrives (the biggest in the World at the time), and begins investigating Cepheid variables and he spots a few in the “Andromeda Nebula”. The nature of Cepheid stars enables someone to calculate how far they are by their apparent brightness. The Hooker Telescope was the first one powerful enough to spot Cepheid stars outside the Milkyway and in 1925 Hubble published his results. Not only did Hubble discover that there were other galaxies than our own, but he discovered they were receding from each other, fairly uniformly over distance, that the Universe was expanding.
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity predicted that the Universe would be expanding or contracting, but Einstein himself didn’t believe this, thinking the Universe had to be static. He embraced Hubble’s discovery and called his own “static-state” mistake as “the biggest blunder of my life”.
The expansion rate of the Universe is generally referred to as ‘Omega”, or “Ω”. If Omega is less than 1.0 then the Universe will expand to a point where it stops, and then begins to collapse upon itself. If Omega is more than 1.0 then the Universe will continue to expand forever. It was generally believed, between the time of Hubble and about 10 years ago that Omega most likely would be exactly 1.0, which would mean the Universe would continue to expand at an ever decreasing rate but would never quite reach the point that it would begin to collapse.
Ten years ago it was discovered that not only is the Universe expanding but at an ever increasing rate, thus putting Omega to be more than 1.0, and growing. That is, Omega is not a constant. Why this would be happening was a great mystery.
The second problem that crept up was that gravitational theory works fine in explaining the orbits of planets, much like in our own solar system, ballistic trajectories, and spacecraft maneuvering, but it does not explain the rotation of galaxies. The further an orbiting body is from the center of mass the slower it should orbit (There is a saying in Astronautics, “you speed up to slow down and you slow down to speed up”. This means that if you are in a fixed orbit around a gravitational object and you increase your speed going forward, then you will lift yourself to a higher orbit and then your orbital speed will become slower, it will take you longer to orbit the gravitational body. Likewise, if in a stable orbit your decelerate, then you will drop to a lower orbit, but your orbital speed will increase. Ironic, but true). but in spiral galaxies the outer arms move much faster than they should.
Now enters CDM. Cold Dark Matter was invented to explain the rotation of galaxies. It has encountered some problems along it’s lifetime, but various modifications have pretty much kept up with what is observed. However, this is a theory that was created to explain something mysterious, so it was designed to solve a problem. CDM does not make any predictions about what CDM is, which is a lack of science in itself. Scientific theories should make some testable predictions.
It is speculated that Cold Dark Matter can be a couple of things or a combination of both. The first are WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles): these would be particles that do not interact with other particles via the Strong, Weak, or Electro-magnetic forces, but only via Gravity. Pretty bizarre. Needless, to say, no WIMPS have been discovered.
The second type of Cold Dark Matter would be MACHOS (Massive Compact Halo Objects). These could be anything from brown dwarfs (planets as large or larger than Jupiter, but too small to self-ignite fusion), black holes, neutron stars (starts that have burned out but do not have enough mass to collapse to a singularity, white dwarfs.
CDM Theory suggests that all these spiral galaxies must be surrounded with spherical halos several times as large as the galaxies themselves to cause the spiral arms to move at a rate faster than Einstein-Newtonian gravitational theory predicts.
To me this just seems insane. Now, to top it off, to explain the accelerating expansion of the Universe, we now have something called “dark energy“, as if Darth Vadar isn’t enough. The dark forces are upon us.
Euclidean Geometry was for a couple of thousand years thougth to be the real geometry, but it is not. It is only a point in the space of all possible geometries. Euclidean Geometry works for people, because we live in a very flat kind of space, but get down to particle physics sizes or astronomical scales and Euclidean geometry just doesn’t apply.
In the same way, Newtonian Gravitational theory was show by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity (1916), to be only a minor subset of space-time, it works for normal people well enough, but it does not apply in particle physics or on cosmological scales.
Why then can’t Einstein’s theory be merely a subset of something else? Well, someone has proposed just that with MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics), a theory first proposed by an Israeli professor of physics in 1983, Mordehai Milgrom.
Under ‘MOND” I also include related modifications such as “NGT” or Nonsymmetric Gravitational Theory and Conformal Gravity, and of course TeVeS (Tensor-Vector-Scalar) gravitational theories.
Newton’s theory is that F=ma (Force equals mass times acceleration). This has been verified and verified, but never when the acceleration involved was extremely small.
Miligom’s equation is quite elegant, and when solving for it, a physical constant was discovered and that was that when the acceleration affecting an object of mass was so slow as to be close to this physical constant, then there would be dramatic changes in gravitational effects and behaviors of objects.
That Physical Constant is the acceleration you get by dividing the speed of light by the lifetime of the universe. If you start at the time of the Big Bang and come to the present day at this acceleration, then you reach the speed of light as it is today.
This, in effect implies that the speed of light changes with the age of the Universe. Indeed, it implies that the speed of sound was much greater than the speed of light at one second after the big bang.
Another thing to note is that the “Standard Model” of particle physics is wrong because it predicts that neutrinos should have no mass and they have been proven to have mass in just the past few years. There are three types (flavors) of neutrinos, one for each of the leptons in the Standard model, the electron, the Muon, and the Tau. Which actually means there are 12 since there is an anti-particle for each. Recently it has been discovered that neutrinos oscillate between flavors. It has also been speculated that neutrinos may be their own antiparticles. That is, if they can oscillate between flavors they might also be able to oscillate between spin values.
Then there are sterile neutrinos, but that’s another story. I am diverging from causality here.
My point is that there is little to no evidence of Cold Dark Matter (CDM), yet it has taken up thousands of years of research time of some of the best physicists and cosmologists on the planet, yet it is aetherial.
One such fellow who has dedicated his life to the study of CDM is Professor Michael Turner of the University of Chicago, who thinks that visible, ordinary matter, like that which makes up the Earth and the Sun and our visible Galaxy only accounts for about 4% of all the mass-energy in the Universe.
Dude, whatever happened to you and your mind?
One of my main criticisms about Professor Michael Turner is that when confronted with MOND and similar revisions of Einstein-Newtonian gravitation is his total rejection of these theories based on the fact that so many years of research by countless physicists has gone into explaining CDM that such time cannot simply be relegated as a lost cause. Michael Turner, of the University of Chicago, adamantly opposes simply explanations simply because he’s dedicated his life’s work to CDM.
Why and how am I in a position to argue with such a noted cosmologist and physicist as Michael Turner? Because I studied under Paul Dirac at Florida State University before his retirement and once argued with him directly on the meaning of inertia, and he admitted to me and other students that he could not adequately explain what exactly “inertia” is. And inertia plays a huge role in the theory of gravitation on a cosmological scale. If I can call him out, then I can call out Michael Turner of the University of Chicago.
What the hell are you thinking? Ten or twenty years from now it will be found that CDM, at least the WIMPS you are looking for, do not exist. Dark Energy does not exist. Some simple revisions to General Relativity will suffice, along with a deeper understanding of neutrinos. I do admit I think there are a lot of HALO (MACHOS) objects out there, but they alone do not account for the solution to the gravitational problems you are facing.
Yet I have little hope of Michael Turner abandoning his years of efforts in trying to establish himself as the preeminent thinker on the dark side. Like Darth Vadar himself, he is consumed by the dark side.
The vast Universe is there to humble us all. I do not know the answers, but I am pretty sure I can recognize the aether and know that it is not real, only a runaway figment that served a usefull purpose for a while, only to be cast away along with all the work of the lifetimes of so many valuable minds. I would hate to see that Dr. Michael Turner, of the University of Chcago, the inventor of “CDM” and its most vocal advocate will go down in the annuls of history as pursing a lost cause.